The construction of DC solid state relays (DC SSRs) utilizes semi-conductor switching technologies for direct current loads, which are completely noiseless and devoid of any mechanical wear. These devices are rated for voltage control from 12V to 300V DC with current ratings up to 50A. Current and voltage withses are controlled using either MOSFETs or IGBTs. They optically isolate (≥2.5kV) which guarantees safety. Their switching device also has build-in snubber circuits to mosfic circumvent voltage spikes from leak inductive loads like solenoids or DC motors. Thermal management is critical, with aluminum heat sinks often integrated for continuous duty. Being part of the constructions mentioned above, these machines can be utilized in robotics, battery chargers and lighting systems LEDs, due to the enablement of accurate pulse width modulation control, witch further serves to improve their switching speed (<10μs).