A solid state relay using DC to DC switching techniques utilizes MOSFETs or IGBTs for direct current load switching because they are more efficient. These parts have a very low resistance (mΩ counting level) to lessen power usage. It is suitable for systems powered by batteries, electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage since it provides fast switching speeds of less than 1 microsecond for pulse width modulation control for motor and LED dimming. It provides galvanic isolation up to 5 kV ensuring safety at high voltage DC applications like 48 V industrial systems. Relays of this kind require protection from overheating when operated continuously, which thermal shutdown features offer.